tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-73449797949591566822024-02-20T01:50:19.548-08:00The benefit of herbs-Ocimum gratissimumchrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13563399813992336840noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7344979794959156682.post-3044938623996292122009-02-03T03:30:00.000-08:002009-02-03T04:16:46.021-08:00The importance of Scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CChristo%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CChristo%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} 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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">BY</span>
<br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">EFIRI EBI CHRISTOPHER</span></span>
<br /><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"></span></span></div><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">INTRODUCTION
<br /></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Herbal<span style=""> </span>medicines<span style=""> </span>tend<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>look<span style=""> </span>primitive<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>unscientific<span style=""> </span>when<span style=""> </span>compared<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>synthetic<span style=""> </span>(conventional)<span style=""> </span>drugs,<span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>are<span style=""> </span>thought<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>be<span style=""> </span>more<span style=""> </span>reliable<span style=""> </span>than<span style=""> </span>those<span style=""> </span>made<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>plants.<span style=""> </span>Herbal<span style=""> </span>medicine<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>still<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>mainstay<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>about<span style=""> </span>75-80%<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>world<span style=""> </span>population,<span style=""> </span>mainly<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>developing<span style=""> </span>countries<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>primary<span style=""> </span>health<span style=""> </span>care<span style=""> </span>(Kamboj,<span style=""> </span>V. P,<span style=""> </span>2000).<span style=""> </span>This<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>primarily<span style=""> </span>because<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>general<span style=""> </span>belief<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>herbal<span style=""> </span>drugs<span style=""> </span>are<span style=""> </span>without<span style=""> </span>any<span style=""> </span>side<span style=""> </span>effects,<span style=""> </span>beside<span style=""> </span>being<span style=""> </span>cheap<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>locally<span style=""> </span>available.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>use<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>plants<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>healing<span style=""> </span>purposes<span style=""> </span>predates<span style=""> </span>human<span style=""> </span>history<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>forms<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>origin<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>much<span style=""> </span>modern<span style=""> </span>medicine.<span style=""> </span>Many<span style=""> </span>synthetic<span style=""> </span>drugs<span style=""> </span>originated<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>plant<span style=""> </span>sources:<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>century <span style=""> </span>ago,<span style=""> </span>most<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>few<span style=""> </span>effective<span style=""> </span>drugs<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>plant-based.<span style=""> </span>Examples<span style=""> </span>include:<span style=""> </span>Aspirin<span style=""> </span>(which<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>chemical<span style=""> </span>copy<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>analgesic<span style=""> </span>chemical<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>bark<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>willow<span style=""> </span>trees), digoxin<span style=""> </span>(from<span style=""> </span>fox<span style=""> </span>glove),<span style=""> </span>guanine<span style=""> </span>(from<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>bark<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>various<span style=""> </span>cinchona<span style=""> </span>tree<span style=""> </span>species<span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>used<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>treatment<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>malaria)<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>morphine<span style=""> </span>(from<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>opium<span style=""> </span>poppy).<span style=""> </span>(Vicker A. and Zollman C., 1999).<o:p></o:p></span> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">It’s<span style=""> </span>been<span style=""> </span>seen<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>lot<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>plants<span style=""> </span>had<span style=""> </span>played<span style=""> </span>effective<span style=""> </span>roles<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the production<span style=""> </span>of <span style=""> </span>drugs<span style=""> </span>hence,<span style=""> </span>we<span style=""> </span>now<span style=""> </span>look<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>plant, <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>order<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>identify<span style=""> </span>its<span style=""> </span>effects<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>albino<span style=""> </span>rats,<span style=""> </span>if<span style=""> </span>toxic,<span style=""> </span>harmful<span style=""> </span>or<span style=""> </span>advantageous.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>perennial<span style=""> </span>plant<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>(scent leaf)<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>widely<span style=""> </span>distributed in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>tropics<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Africa<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Asia.<span style=""> </span>It<span style=""> </span>belongs<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>family<span style=""> </span>labiatae<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>it is<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>most<span style=""> </span>abundant<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>genus<span style=""> </span>Ocimum. In<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>southern<span style=""> </span>part<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Nigeria,<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>plant<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>called<span style=""> </span>“ effinrin-nia”<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>the Yoruba<span style=""> </span>speaking<span style=""> </span>tribe,<span style=""> </span>“Nchonwu”<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>Igbo, while in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>northern<span style=""> </span>part<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Nigeria,<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>Hausas<span style=""> </span>call<span style=""> </span>it<span style=""> </span>“Daidoya”. (Effraim K.D et al., 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </o:lock><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="width: 237.75pt; 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{margin-bottom:0in;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults ext="edit" spidmax="2050"> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout ext="edit"> <o:idmap ext="edit" data="1"> <o:rules ext="edit"> <o:r id="V:Rule1" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1034"> <o:r id="V:Rule2" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1033"> <o:r id="V:Rule3" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1032"> <o:r id="V:Rule4" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1026"> <o:r id="V:Rule5" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1028"> <o:r id="V:Rule6" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1027"> <o:r id="V:Rule7" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1030"> <o:r id="V:Rule8" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1035"> <o:r id="V:Rule9" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1029"> <o:r id="V:Rule10" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1031"> </o:rules> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PLANT<span style=""> </span>CLASSIFICATION</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kingdom<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Plantae – plant <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Subkingdom<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Tracheobionta – vascular plant<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Super division<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Spermatophyte - seed plant<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Division<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Magnoliophyta – flowering plant<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Class<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledon<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Subclass<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Asteridae<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Order<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Lamiales<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Family<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Lamiaceae – mint family<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Genus<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Ocimum L. – basil<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Specie<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Ocimum gratissimum L.-Africa<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Plant classification culled from: USDA 2008)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">1.3<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CONSTITUENTS<span style=""> </span>OF<span style=""> </span>O. GRATISSIMUM<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Photochemical<span style=""> </span>evaluation<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>this<span style=""> </span>plant<span style=""> </span>has<span style=""> </span>shown<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>it<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>rich<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>alkaloid,<span style=""> </span>tannis,<span style=""> </span>phytates,<span style=""> </span>flavonoids<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>oligosaccharides.<span style=""> </span>It<span style=""> </span>has<span style=""> </span>tolerable cyanogenic<span style=""> </span>content<span style=""> </span>(Ijeh et al., 2004).<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>volatile<span style=""> </span>aromatic<span style=""> </span>oil<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>the leaves<span style=""> </span>consists<span style=""> </span>mainly<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>thymol<span style=""> </span>(32-65%)<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>eugenol;<span style=""> </span>it<span style=""> </span>also<span style=""> </span>contains xanthones,<span style=""> </span>terpenes<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>lactones<span style=""> </span>(C.N. Ezekwesili et al., 2004). Characterization<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>its<span style=""> </span>ethanolic<span style=""> </span>extracts<span style=""> </span>revealed<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>presence<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>non – cyclic<span style=""> </span>sesquiterpenes,<span style=""> </span>phenols<span style=""> </span>(Esvanzhuga, 1986).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Cooper Black","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.4<span style=""> </span>USES<span style=""> </span>OF<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>OCIMUM<span style=""> </span>GRATISSIMUM </span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In<span style=""> </span>folk<span style=""> </span>medicine,<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>extensively<span style=""> </span>used<span style=""> </span>throughout<span style=""> </span>West Africa<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>febrifuge,<span style=""> </span>anti- malarial<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>anti- convulsant.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>crushed<span style=""> </span>leaf<span style=""> </span>juice<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>used<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>treatment<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>convulsion,<span style=""> </span>stomach<span style=""> </span>pain<span style=""> </span>and catarrh. Oil<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>leaves<span style=""> </span>have<span style=""> </span>been<span style=""> </span>found<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>posses<span style=""> </span>antiseptics,<span style=""> </span>antibacterial and<span style=""> </span>antifungal<span style=""> </span>activities.<span style=""> </span>(C.N. Ezekwesili et al., 2004).<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>coastal<span style=""> </span>area<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Nigeria, the<span style=""> </span>plant<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>used<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>treatment<span style=""> </span>of <span style=""> </span>epilepsy, (Osifo, 1992),<span style=""> </span>high<span style=""> </span>fever<span style=""> </span>(Oliver 1980)<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>diarrhea<span style=""> </span>(Oliver, 1980 and Sofowara, 1993).<span style=""> </span>While<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>savannah<span style=""> </span>areas<span style=""> </span>decoctions<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>leaves<span style=""> </span>are<span style=""> </span>used to<span style=""> </span>treat<span style=""> </span>mental<span style=""> </span>illness (Abdulrahman, 1992).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ocimum gratissimum<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>used<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>Ibos<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>southern<span style=""> </span>Nigeria<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the management<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>baby’s<span style=""> </span>cord.<span style=""> </span>It<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>believed<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>keep<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>baby’s<span style=""> </span>cord<span style=""> </span>and wound<span style=""> </span>surface<span style=""> </span>sterile.<span style=""> </span>It<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>used<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>treatment<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>fungal<span style=""> </span>infections,<span style=""> </span>fever,<span style=""> </span>cold and<span style=""> </span>catarrh .(Iwu, 1986).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Clinical<span style=""> </span>trials<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>creams<span style=""> </span>formulated<span style=""> </span>against<span style=""> </span>dermatological<span style=""> </span>disease<span style=""> </span>have<span style=""> </span>yielded favorable<span style=""> </span>result<span style=""> </span>(Edeoga and Eriata, 2001).<span style=""> </span>Nutritional<span style=""> </span>importance<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>this<span style=""> </span>plant centers<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>it’s<span style=""> </span>usefulness<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>seasoning<span style=""> </span>because<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>its<span style=""> </span>aromatic <span style=""> </span>flavor .<span style=""> </span>(C.N. Ezekwesili et al., 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.5<span style=""> </span>GROSS<span style=""> </span>ANATOMY<span style=""> </span>OF<span style=""> </span>THE<span style=""> </span>LUNGS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>are <span style=""> </span>paired <span style=""> </span>cone-shaped <span style=""> </span>organs <span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>lie<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>thoracic<span style=""> </span>cavity. They<span style=""> </span>extend<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>diaphragm<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>just<span style=""> </span>slightly<span style=""> </span>below<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>clavicle<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>lie<span style=""> </span>above<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>rib<span style=""> </span>posteriorly<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>anteriorly.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>are<span style=""> </span>separated<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>each<span style=""> </span>other<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>heart,<span style=""> </span>viscera<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>great<span style=""> </span>vessels<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>mediastinum.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>are<span style=""> </span>attached<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>heart<span style=""> </span>and to<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>trachea<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>structures<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>comprise<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>roots<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lungs.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>roots<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>are<span style=""> </span>formed<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>structures<span style=""> </span>entering<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>emerging from<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>its<span style=""> </span>hila.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>hilium<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lung<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>an<span style=""> </span>area<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the medial<span style=""> </span>surface<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>each<span style=""> </span>lung<span style=""> </span>through<span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>structures<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>form<span style=""> </span>the root<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>enter<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>leave<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lung.<span style=""> </span>These<span style=""> </span>structures<span style=""> </span>include<span style=""> </span>the main<span style=""> </span>bronchus,<span style=""> </span>pulmonary<span style=""> </span>vessels,<span style=""> </span>bronchial<span style=""> </span>vessels,<span style=""> </span>lymphatic<span style=""> </span>vessels<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>nerves.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>are<span style=""> </span>enclosed<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>pleural<span style=""> </span>membrane<span style=""> </span>which consists<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>parietal<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>visceral<span style=""> </span>pleura.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>are<span style=""> </span>divided<span style=""> </span>into<span style=""> </span>lobes<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>horizontal<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>oblique<span style=""> </span>fissures. The<span style=""> </span>right<span style=""> </span>lung<span style=""> </span>has<span style=""> </span>3<span style=""> </span>lobes,<span style=""> </span>while<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>left<span style=""> </span>lung<span style=""> </span>has<span style=""> </span>2<span style=""> </span>lobes.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>right lung<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>larger<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>heavier<span style=""> </span>than<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>left,<span style=""> </span>but<span style=""> </span>shorter<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>wider<span style=""> </span>because<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>right<span style=""> </span>dome<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>diaphragm<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>higher<span style=""> </span>than<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>heart<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>the pericardium<span style=""> </span>bulge<span style=""> </span>more<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>left.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>anterior<span style=""> </span>margin<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>right<span style=""> </span>lung is<span style=""> </span>relatively<span style=""> </span>straight,<span style=""> </span>but<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>anterior<span style=""> </span>margin<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>left<span style=""> </span>lung<span style=""> </span>has<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>deep cardiac<span style=""> </span>notch<span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>overlaps<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>heart. (Moore and Dailey,1999).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Anatomically<span style=""> </span>each<span style=""> </span>lung<span style=""> </span>consist<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>following<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">AN<span style=""> </span>APEX</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:<span style=""> </span>This<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>blunt<span style=""> </span>superior<span style=""> </span>end<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lung.<span style=""> </span>It<span style=""> </span>ascends into<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>neck<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>about<span style=""> </span>1<span style=""> </span>inch<span style=""> </span>(25cm)<span style=""> </span>above<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>clavicle<span style=""> </span>into<span style=""> </span>the <span style=""> </span>root<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>neck<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>covered<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>cervical<span style=""> </span>pleura.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2<span style=""> </span><b style="">THREE<span style=""> </span>SURFACES</b>:<span style=""> </span>They<span style=""> </span>include<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>following<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Costal<span style=""> </span>surface:<span style=""> </span>It<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>convex-shaped<span style=""> </span>surface<span style=""> </span>and,<span style=""> </span>it<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>large<span style=""> </span>and smooth.<span style=""> </span>It<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>related<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>dorsal<span style=""> </span>pleura<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>separates<span style=""> </span>it<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>the ribs,<span style=""> </span>coastal<span style=""> </span>cartilages<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>innermost<span style=""> </span>intercostals<span style=""> </span>muscles.<span style=""> </span>The posterior<span style=""> </span>part<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>surface<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>related<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>bodies<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>thoracic vertebra<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>sometimes<span style=""> </span>referred<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>vertebral<span style=""> </span>part<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the costal<span style=""> </span>surface.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mediastinal<span style=""> </span>surface:<span style=""> </span>It<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>convex-shaped<span style=""> </span>due<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>its<span style=""> </span>relation<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>the middle<span style=""> </span>mediastinum<span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>contains<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>pericardium<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>heart. It<span style=""> </span>also<span style=""> </span>contain<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>hilium<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>thus<span style=""> </span>receives<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>root of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lungs around<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>pleura<span style=""> </span>forms<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>covering<span style=""> </span>or<span style=""> </span>pleural<span style=""> </span>sleeve.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Diaphragmatic<span style=""> </span>surface:<span style=""> </span>It<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>concave-shaped<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>it<span style=""> </span>forms<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>base<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>rests<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>dome<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>diaphragm.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.<span style=""> </span>THREE<span style=""> </span>BORDERS:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>They<span style=""> </span>include :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Anterior<span style=""> </span>Border:<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>costal<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>mediastinal<span style=""> </span>surfaces<span style=""> </span>meet<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>this point<span style=""> </span>or<span style=""> </span>border<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>overlap<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>heart.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>cardiac<span style=""> </span>notch<span style=""> </span>indents<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>border<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>left<span style=""> </span>lungs<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Inferior<span style=""> </span>Border:<span style=""> </span>It<span style=""> </span>circumscribes<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>diaphragmatic<span style=""> </span>surface<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the lungs<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>separates<span style=""> </span>it<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>coastal<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>mediastinal<span style=""> </span>surfaces.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Posterior<span style=""> </span>Border:<span style=""> </span>At<span style=""> </span>this<span style=""> </span>border<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>costal<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>mediastinal<span style=""> </span>surfaces<span style=""> </span>meet<span style=""> </span>posteriorly.<span style=""> </span>It<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>broad<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>rounded<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>lies<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the cavity<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>side<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>thoracic<span style=""> </span>region<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>vertebral<span style=""> </span>column (Moore and Dailey, 1999).</span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Cooper Black","serif";"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </o:lock><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="width: 451.5pt; height: 303.75pt; visibility: visible;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CChristo%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.jpg" title="lungs"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></v:path></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Diagram<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the lungs<span style=""> </span>culled<span style=""> </span>from: ADUK,<span style=""> </span>2007)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cooper Black","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.6.<span style=""> </span>BLOOD <span style=""> </span>SUPPLY<span style=""> </span>TO<span style=""> </span>THE<span style=""> </span>LUNGS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The bronchi,<span style=""> </span>connective<span style=""> </span>tissue<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>visceral<span style=""> </span>pleura<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>receive<span style=""> </span>their<span style=""> </span>blood<span style=""> </span>supply<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>bronchial<span style=""> </span>arteries<span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>are<span style=""> </span>branches<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>descending<span style=""> </span>aorta.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>bronchial<span style=""> </span>veins<span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>communicate<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>pulmonary<span style=""> </span>veins<span style=""> </span>drain<span style=""> </span>into<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>azygos<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>hemiazygos<span style=""> </span>veins.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>alveoli<span style=""> </span>receive<span style=""> </span>deoxygenated<span style=""> </span>blood<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>the terminal<span style=""> </span>branches<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>pulmonary<span style=""> </span>arteries.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>oxygenated<span style=""> </span>blood<span style=""> </span>leaving<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>alveolar<span style=""> </span>capillaries<span style=""> </span>drains<span style=""> </span>into <span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>tributaries<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>pulmonary<span style=""> </span>veins<span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>follow<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>intersegmental<span style=""> </span>connective<span style=""> </span>tissue<span style=""> </span>septa<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lung<span style=""> </span>root.<span style=""> </span>Two<span style=""> </span>pulmonary<span style=""> </span>veins<span style=""> </span>each<span style=""> </span>leave<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lung<span style=""> </span>root<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>empty<span style=""> </span>into<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>atrium of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>heart.<span style=""> </span>(Snell, 1999).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.7.<span style=""> </span>MICROSCOPIC<span style=""> </span>ANATOMY<span style=""> </span>OF<span style=""> </span>THE<span style=""> </span>LUNGS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Each<span style=""> </span>lung<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>covered<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>two<span style=""> </span>pleura,<span style=""> </span>consisting<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>a layer<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>mesothelial<span style=""> </span>cells<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>underlying<span style=""> </span>connective<span style=""> </span>tissue.<span style=""> </span>This<span style=""> </span>connective<span style=""> </span>tissue<span style=""> </span>extends<span style=""> </span>inward<span style=""> </span>between<span style=""> </span>pulmonary<span style=""> </span>lobes<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>lobules<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>septa<span style=""> </span>carrying<span style=""> </span>ramification<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>pleural<span style=""> </span>blood<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>lymphatics<span style=""> </span>vessels.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>respiratory<span style=""> </span>epithelium<span style=""> </span>undergoes<span style=""> </span>progressive<span style=""> </span>transition<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>tall<span style=""> </span>pseudo<span style=""> </span>stratified<span style=""> </span>columnar<span style=""> </span>ciliated<span style=""> </span>form<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>larynx<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>trachea<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>simple<span style=""> </span>cuboidal<span style=""> </span>non-ciliated<span style=""> </span>form<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>smallest<span style=""> </span>airways.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>wall<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>respiratory<span style=""> </span>bronchiole<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>lined<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>cubiodal<span style=""> </span>epithelium<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>proximal<span style=""> </span>portion,<span style=""> </span>but<span style=""> </span>disappears<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>distal<span style=""> </span>portion of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>respiratory<span style=""> </span>bronchiole.<span style=""> </span>Smooth muscle<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>located<span style=""> </span>adjacent<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>epithelium.<span style=""> </span>A<span style=""> </span>small<span style=""> </span>branch<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>pulmonary<span style=""> </span>artery<span style=""> </span>accompanies<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>respiratory<span style=""> </span>bronchiole<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>numerous<span style=""> </span>alveoli<span style=""> </span>open<span style=""> </span>into<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>alveolar<span style=""> </span>duct.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>oval<span style=""> </span>alveoli<span style=""> </span>are<span style=""> </span>lined<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>squamous<span style=""> </span>epithelium.<span style=""> </span>Adjacent<span style=""> </span>alveoli<span style=""> </span>share<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>common<span style=""> </span>inter<span style=""> </span>alveolar<span style=""> </span>septum;<span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>contains<span style=""> </span>capillary<span style=""> </span>plexus<span style=""> </span>supported<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>fine<span style=""> </span>connective<span style=""> </span>tissue<span style=""> </span>fibers,<span style=""> </span>fibroblasts<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>other<span style=""> </span>cells.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.8.<span style=""> </span>AIM<span style=""> </span>AND<span style=""> </span>OBJECTIVE<span style=""> </span>OF<span style=""> </span>STUDY<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In<span style=""> </span>view<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>its<span style=""> </span>many<span style=""> </span>uses<span style=""> </span>especially<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>Nigeria<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>fact<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>traditional<span style=""> </span>medicine<span style=""> </span>practitioners<span style=""> </span>prescribe<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>administer<span style=""> </span>decoctions<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>leaves<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>patients<span style=""> </span>without<span style=""> </span>regard<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>its<span style=""> </span>possible<span style=""> </span>adverse<span style=""> </span>effects,<span style=""> </span>this<span style=""> </span>present<span style=""> </span>investigation<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>access<span style=""> </span>its<span style=""> </span>potential<span style=""> </span>toxic<span style=""> </span>effect<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>albino<span style=""> </span>rat<span style=""> </span>if<span style=""> </span>any<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>determine<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>possible<span style=""> </span>histopathological<span style=""> </span>changes<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>may<span style=""> </span>arise<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>result<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>an<span style=""> </span>intake<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>extract. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">LITERATURE<span style=""> </span>REVIEW<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A<span style=""> </span>lot<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>research<span style=""> </span>has<span style=""> </span>been<span style=""> </span>carried<span style=""> </span>out<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>herb,<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum.<span style=""> </span>Though, <span style=""> </span>literature<span style=""> </span>search<span style=""> </span>has<span style=""> </span>not<span style=""> </span>revealed<span style=""> </span>any<span style=""> </span>study<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>effect<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>histology<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lung<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>albino<span style=""> </span>rat,<span style=""> </span>some<span style=""> </span>works<span style=""> </span>closely<span style=""> </span>related<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>it<span style=""> </span>has<span style=""> </span>been<span style=""> </span>documented.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>In<span style=""> </span>2004,<span style=""> </span>researchers<span style=""> </span>carried<span style=""> </span>out<span style=""> </span>an<span style=""> </span>in vitro<span style=""> </span>study<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>ileum<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>guinea<span style=""> </span>pig.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>effect<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>intestinal<span style=""> </span>motility,<span style=""> </span>determined<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>magnitude<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>contraction<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>isolated<span style=""> </span>guinea<span style=""> </span>pig<span style=""> </span>ileum.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Results<span style=""> </span>shows<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>mimicked<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>action<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>adrenalin<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>nor adrenaline<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>isolated<span style=""> </span>guinea<span style=""> </span>pig<span style=""> </span>ileum<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>abolishing<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>acetylcholine-induced<span style=""> </span>contraction<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>smooth<span style=""> </span>muscle<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>ileum ( C.N. Ezekwesili et al., 2004).<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>In<span style=""> </span>2005,<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>research<span style=""> </span>work<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>carried<span style=""> </span>out<span style=""> </span>on the<span style=""> </span>antimicrobial<span style=""> </span>effect<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>aqueous<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>ethanolic<span style=""> </span>fraction<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>two<span style=""> </span>spices,<span style=""> </span>Ocimuim<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Xylopia<span style=""> </span>aethiopica<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>analyzed<span style=""> </span>against<span style=""> </span>five<span style=""> </span>pathogenic<span style=""> </span>organisms; Staphylococcus<span style=""> </span>aureus,<span style=""> </span>Esherichia<span style=""> </span>coli,<span style=""> </span>Streptococcus<span style=""> </span>fecalis,<span style=""> </span>Pseudomonas<span style=""> </span>aeruginosa<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>lactobacilli.<span style=""> </span>The <span style=""> </span>result<span style=""> </span>indicate<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>ethanolic<span style=""> </span>extracts<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimuim<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>had<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>minimum<span style=""> </span>inhibitory<span style=""> </span>concentration<span style=""> </span>(MIC)<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>30</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Script MT Bold";">µ</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">g/ml<span style=""> </span>agains</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">T<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Staphylococcus<span style=""> </span>aureus,<span style=""> </span>Esherichia<span style=""> </span>coli,<span style=""> </span>Pseudomonas<span style=""> </span>aeruginosa<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>lactobacilli<span style=""> </span>while<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>Streptococcus<span style=""> </span>fecalis<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>MIC<span style=""> </span>was 15</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Script MT Bold";">µ</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">g/ml.<span style=""> </span>Aqueous<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimuim<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>had<span style=""> </span>an<span style=""> </span>MIC of<span style=""> </span>12.5</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Script MT Bold";">µ</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">g/ml against<span style=""> </span>Staphylococcus<span style=""> </span>aureus,<span style=""> </span>Esherichia<span style=""> </span>coli<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Streptococcus<span style=""> </span>fecalis, while<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>Pseudomonas<span style=""> </span>aeruginosa<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>lactobacilli<span style=""> </span>the MIC<span style=""> </span>was 6.25</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Script MT Bold";">µ</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">g/ml<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>25</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Script MT Bold";">µ</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">g/ml,<span style=""> </span>respectively. (Ijeh<span style=""> </span>I. I. et al., 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>findings<span style=""> </span>suggest<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>anti-microbial<span style=""> </span>activity<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>these<span style=""> </span>spices<span style=""> </span>reside<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>their<span style=""> </span>aqueous<span style=""> </span>functions<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>also<span style=""> </span>indicate<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>very<span style=""> </span>low<span style=""> </span>concentrations<span style=""> </span>are<span style=""> </span>required<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>achieve<span style=""> </span>anti-microbial effects<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>justifies<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>ethno medical<span style=""> </span>use<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimuim<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>leaves<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>plaster<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>cover<span style=""> </span>wound<span style=""> </span>surface<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>baby<span style=""> </span>cord.<span style=""> </span>Pseudomonas<span style=""> </span>aeruginosa,<span style=""> </span>Esherichia<span style=""> </span>coli,<span style=""> </span>Staphyloccus<span style=""> </span>aureus<span style=""> </span>are<span style=""> </span>common<span style=""> </span>human<span style=""> </span>commensals<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>have been <span style="color: red;"><span style=""> </span></span>incriminated<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>infection<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>wounds (Duguid<span style=""> </span>et al<span style=""> </span>1985).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>findings<span style=""> </span>also<span style=""> </span>justifies<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>application<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimuim<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>dermatological<span style=""> </span>creams<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>indicate<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>effective<span style=""> </span>doses<span style=""> </span>could<span style=""> </span>be<span style=""> </span>achieved<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>very<span style=""> </span>low<span style=""> </span>concentrations;<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>also<span style=""> </span>shows<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>aqueous<span style=""> </span>fractions<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>both<span style=""> </span>plants<span style=""> </span>have<span style=""> </span>more<span style=""> </span>potential<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>an<span style=""> </span>antimicrobial<span style=""> </span>agent<span style=""> </span>than<span style=""> </span>its<span style=""> </span>ethanolic<span style=""> </span>fractions.<span style=""> </span>(Ijeh<span style=""> </span>I. I<span style=""> </span>et<span style=""> </span>al.,<span style=""> </span>2005).<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In<span style=""> </span>2006,<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>research<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>carried<span style=""> </span>out<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>safety<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>hypoglyceamic<span style=""> </span>properties<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>aqueous<span style=""> </span>leaf<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>streptozotocin<span style=""> </span>induced<span style=""> </span>diabetic<span style=""> </span>rat.<span style=""> </span>Diabetes<span style="color: red;"> </span><span style=""> </span>mellitus<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>induced<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>rats<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>single<span style=""> </span>injection<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>70mg/kg<span style=""> </span>streptozotocin<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>graded<span style=""> </span>doses<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>aqueous<span style=""> </span>leaf<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>administered<span style=""> </span>orally<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>experimental<span style=""> </span>diabetic<span style=""> </span>rats<span style=""> </span>for 28<span style=""> </span>days.<span style=""> </span>Administration<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>this<span style=""> </span>aqueous<span style=""> </span>leaf<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>caused<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>statistically<span style=""> </span>significant<span style=""> </span>reduction<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>plasma<span style=""> </span>glucose<span style=""> </span>level<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>streptozotocin<span style=""> </span>induced<span style=""> </span>diabetic<span style=""> </span>rats.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>appear<span style=""> </span>non<span style=""> </span>toxic<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>evidenced<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>normal<span style=""> </span>serum<span style=""> </span>levels<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>AST (Aspartate<span style=""> </span>transaminase), <span style=""> </span>ALT (Alanine transaminase),<span style=""> </span>ALP (Alkaline phosphatase),<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>bilirubin.<span style=""> </span></span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This<span style=""> </span>data<span style=""> </span>appear<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>agree<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>claimed<span style=""> </span>hypoglycaemic<span style=""> </span>effect<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum. Twenty-eight<span style=""> </span>day<span style=""> </span>administration<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>non<span style=""> </span>diabetic<span style=""> </span>rats<span style=""> </span>did<span style=""> </span>not<span style=""> </span>produce<span style=""> </span>any<span style=""> </span>significant<span style=""> </span>difference<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>plasma<span style=""> </span>glucose<span style=""> </span>concentration<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>non<span style=""> </span>diabetic<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>treated<span style=""> </span>rats<span style=""> </span>compared<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>control. (U.G. Egesie et al., 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>mechanism<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>hypoglycaemic<span style=""> </span>effects<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>aqueous<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>this<span style=""> </span>plant<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>not<span style=""> </span>clear<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>moment.<span style=""> </span>However<span style=""> </span>reports<span style=""> </span>are<span style=""> </span>available<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>show that<span style=""> </span>anti-diabetic<span style=""> </span>plants<span style=""> </span>may<span style=""> </span>affect<span style=""> </span>circulating<span style=""> </span>insulin<span style=""> </span>level.<span style=""> </span>(Lamela et al., 1985).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In<span style=""> </span>studies,<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>department<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>veterinary<span style=""> </span>physiology<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>pharmacology,<span style=""> </span>university<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ibadan,<span style=""> </span>Nigeria.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>effect<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>aqueous<span style=""> </span>extracts<span style=""> </span>hibiscus<span style=""> </span>sabdariffa<span style=""> </span>calyces<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>leaves<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>intestinal<span style=""> </span>transit<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>rats<span style=""> </span>were determined<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>experimental<span style=""> </span>rats.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>leaves<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>hibiscus<span style=""> </span>sabdariffa<span style=""> </span>calyces<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>oven<span style=""> </span>dried<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>then<span style=""> </span>pulverized.<span style=""> </span>10%<span style=""> </span>extracts<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>both<span style=""> </span>powder<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>made<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>administered<span style=""> </span>orally<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>rats<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>varying<span style=""> </span>doses.<span style=""> </span>Test<span style=""> </span>rats<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>given<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>10%<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>hibiscus<span style=""> </span>sabdariffa<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>0.5ml/100g,<span style=""> </span>1ml/100g,<span style=""> </span>2ml/100g<span style=""> </span>body<span style=""> </span>weight.<span style=""> </span>Control rats received saline instead of extracts.<span style=""> </span></span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">After<span style=""> </span>30minutes,<span style=""> </span>each<span style=""> </span>animal<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>then<span style=""> </span>given<span style=""> </span>1.5ml<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>dye<span style=""> </span>solution<span style=""> </span>orally. 1hour<span style=""> </span>after<span style=""> </span>administration<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>dye<span style=""> </span>each<span style=""> </span>animal<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>then<span style=""> </span>sacrificed<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>intestine<span style=""> </span>carefully<span style=""> </span>dissected<span style=""> </span>out.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>result<span style=""> </span>showed<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>hibiscus<span style=""> </span>sabdariffa<span style=""> </span>caused<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>reduction<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>transit<span style=""> </span>point<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>dye,<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>hibiscus<span style=""> </span>sabdariffa<span style=""> </span>(zobo)<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>more<span style=""> </span>effective.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>reduction<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>transit<span style=""> </span>point,<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>hence<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>increase<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>transit<span style=""> </span>time<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>both<span style=""> </span>extracts<span style=""> </span>indicates<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>plants<span style=""> </span>could<span style=""> </span>be<span style=""> </span>useful<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>appropriate<span style=""> </span>doses<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>control<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>diarrhoea.<span style=""> </span>Hibiscus<span style=""> </span>sabdariffa<span style=""> </span>would<span style=""> </span>be<span style=""> </span>more<span style=""> </span>effective<span style=""> </span>in this<span style=""> </span>regard. (Owulade<span style=""> </span>M.O. et al.,<span style=""> </span>2004).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In<span style=""> </span>2004.<span style=""> </span>Orafidiya<span style=""> </span>et<span style=""> </span>al<span style=""> </span>carried<span style=""> </span>out<span style=""> </span>studies<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>acute<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>sub-chronic<span style=""> </span>toxicity<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>essential<span style=""> </span>oil<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>L.<span style=""> </span>leaf.<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Oral<span style=""> </span>and <span style=""> </span>intra-peritoneal <span style=""> </span>acute <span style=""> </span>toxicity <span style=""> </span>and <span style=""> </span>the <span style=""> </span>sub-chronic <span style=""> </span>intra-peritoneal toxicity <span style=""> </span>of <span style=""> </span>the <span style=""> </span>essential <span style=""> </span>oil <span style=""> </span>of <span style=""> </span>Ocimum <span style=""> </span>gratissimum <span style=""> </span>Linn, <span style=""> </span>Lamiaceae (Ocimum oil), <span style=""> </span>was <span style=""> </span>investigated. <span style=""> </span>The <span style=""> </span>acute <span style=""> </span>toxicity <span style=""> </span>test <span style=""> </span>involved <span style=""> </span>the <span style=""> </span>oral <span style=""> </span>and intra-peritoneal <span style=""> </span>administration <span style=""> </span>of <span style=""> </span>graded <span style=""> </span>doses <span style=""> </span>of <span style=""> </span>Ocimum <span style=""> </span>oil <span style=""> </span>prepared <span style=""> </span>as <span style=""> </span>a <span style=""> </span>4% <span style=""> </span>v/v <span style=""> </span>emulsion <span style=""> </span>to <span style=""> </span>2 <span style=""> </span>groups <span style=""> </span>each <span style=""> </span>of <span style=""> </span>30 <span style=""> </span>rats <span style=""> </span>and <span style=""> </span>mice. <span style=""> </span>LD50 <span style=""> </span>and <span style=""> </span>LD100 were <span style=""> </span>determined <span style=""> </span>for <span style=""> </span>both <span style=""> </span>routes <span style=""> </span>and <span style=""> </span>species. <span style=""> </span>In <span style=""> </span>the <span style=""> </span>sub-chronic <span style=""> </span>toxicity study, <span style=""> </span>25 <span style=""> </span>male <span style=""> </span>Sprague-Dawley <span style=""> </span>rats <span style=""> </span>were <span style=""> </span>randomized <span style=""> </span>into <span style=""> </span>4 <span style=""> </span>test <span style=""> </span>groups (treated with <span style=""> </span>three <span style=""> </span>graded <span style=""> </span>sub-lethal <span style=""> </span>doses <span style=""> </span>of <span style=""> </span>Ocimum <span style=""> </span>oil <span style=""> </span>prepared <span style=""> </span>as <span style=""> </span>a <span style=""> </span>4% v/v emulsion) <span style=""> </span>and <span style=""> </span>a <span style=""> </span>control. <span style=""> </span>Organs <span style=""> </span>and <span style=""> </span>blood <span style=""> </span>samples were <span style=""> </span>taken <span style=""> </span>for analyses <span style=""> </span>after <span style=""> </span>a <span style=""> </span>30 <span style=""> </span>day <span style=""> </span>treatment <span style=""> </span>period. <span style=""> </span>A <span style=""> </span>dose-dependent <span style=""> </span>sedative <span style=""> </span>effect <span style=""> </span>of <span style=""> </span>Ocimum <span style=""> </span>oil <span style=""> </span>was <span style=""> </span>observed <span style=""> </span>during <span style=""> </span>the <span style=""> </span>acute <span style=""> </span>toxicity <span style=""> </span>study <span style=""> </span>in <span style=""> </span>mice <span style=""> </span>and rats <span style=""> </span>and <span style=""> </span>in <span style=""> </span>the <span style=""> </span>sub-chronic <span style=""> </span>test <span style=""> </span>in <span style=""> </span>rats. <span style=""> </span>Evidence <span style=""> </span>of <span style=""> </span>treatment, <span style=""> </span>route, <span style=""> </span>and dose-dependent <span style=""> </span>toxicity <span style=""> </span>were <span style=""> </span>detected <span style=""> </span>in <span style=""> </span>both <span style=""> </span>studies. Changes <span style=""> </span>in <span style=""> </span>weight <span style=""> </span>of the <span style=""> </span>testes, hearts, kidneys, intestines and lungs of the rats were statistically <span style="font-family: times new roman;">insignificant (ANOVA P < style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman;">control and treated groups and revealed that Ocimum oil is capable of invoking an inflammatory response that transits from acute to chronic on persistent administration. While the study revealed that Ocimum oil might be better tolerated when administered orally for systemic delivery, the oil has toxic potentialities that should not be overlooked (Orafidiya et al, 2004).</span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>1998<span style=""> </span>in vitro<span style=""> </span>study,<span style=""> </span>researcher<span style=""> </span>screened<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>pharmacological<span style=""> </span>activities<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>aqueous<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>isolated<span style=""> </span>rabbit<span style=""> </span>jejunum,<span style=""> </span>rat<span style=""> </span>stomach<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>also<span style=""> </span>it<span style=""> </span>analgesic<span style=""> </span>properties<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>mice.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>caused<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>dose<span style=""> </span>dependent<span style=""> </span>inhibition<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>he<span style=""> </span>rabbit<span style=""> </span>jejunum<span style=""> </span>spontaneous<span style=""> </span>pendular<span style=""> </span>movement.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>blocking<span style=""> </span>effect<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>acetylcholine<span style=""> </span>induced<span style=""> </span>contraction<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>non-competitive<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>rat<span style=""> </span>stomach.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>result<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>analgesic<span style=""> </span>study<span style=""> </span>showed<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>evoked<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span></span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">prolongation<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>reaction<span style=""> </span>time<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>80%<span style=""> </span>(p</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Script MT Bold";"><</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 0.05)<span style=""> </span>over<span style=""> </span>20minutes<span style=""> </span>observation<span style=""> </span>time<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>no<span style="color: red;"> </span><span style=""> </span>signs<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>toxicity.( P.I. Aziba et al., 1998).<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In<span style=""> </span>2005,<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>antifungal<span style=""> </span>activity<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>towards<span style=""> </span>dermatophytes<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>investigated<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>Falculdade<span style=""> </span>de<span style=""> </span>farm</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Script MT Bold";">á</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">cia<span style=""> </span>da<span style=""> </span>UFG,<span style=""> </span>Goi</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Script MT Bold";">á</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">nia,<span style=""> </span>Goi</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Script MT Bold";">ó</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">s,<span style=""> </span>Brazil.<span style=""> </span>Extracts<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>investigated<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>in vitro<span style=""> </span>antifungal<span style=""> </span>activity,<span style=""> </span>using<span style=""> </span>agar<span style=""> </span>dilution<span style=""> </span>technique<span style=""> </span>against<span style=""> </span>dermatophytes.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>extracts<span style=""> </span>produced<span style=""> </span>antifungal<span style=""> </span>activities<span style=""> </span>against<span style=""> </span>Microsporum<span style=""> </span>canis,<span style=""> </span>Microsporum<span style=""> </span>gypseum,<span style=""> </span>Trichophyton<span style=""> </span>rubrum<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Trichophyton<span style=""> </span>mentagrophytes.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">These<span style=""> </span>results<span style=""> </span>shows<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>extracts<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>are<span style=""> </span>active<span style=""> </span>in-vitro<span style=""> </span>against<span style=""> </span>human<span style=""> </span>pathogenic<span style=""> </span>dermatophytes. (M.R.R. Silva et al., 2005).<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Also<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>an<span style=""> </span>attempt<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>explain<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>scientific<span style=""> </span>basic<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>medicinal<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>nutritional<span style=""> </span>benefit<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>leafy<span style=""> </span>vegetables,<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>phytochemical<span style=""> </span>constituent,<span style=""> </span>antioxidant<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>antimicrobial<span style=""> </span>activity<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>assessed.<span style=""> </span>In<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>study,<span style=""> </span>dried<span style=""> </span>leaves<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>extracted<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>rectified<span style=""> </span>spirit<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>extracts<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>subsequently<span style=""> </span>analyzed<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>their<span style=""> </span>phytochemical<span style=""> </span>constituent,<span style=""> </span>antioxidant<span style=""> </span>property<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>typified<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>its<span style=""> </span>total<span style=""> </span>phenol<span style=""> </span>content,<span style=""> </span>free<span style=""> </span>radical<span style=""> </span>scavenging<span style=""> </span>ability<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>reducing<span style=""> </span>power,<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>well<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>ability<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>extracts<span style=""> </span>to <span style=""> </span>inhibit<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>growth<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>some<span style=""> </span>clinically<span style=""> </span>isolated<span style=""> </span>Enterobacteriocea<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>some<span style=""> </span>fungi.<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>result<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>study<span style=""> </span>revealed<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>extracts<span style=""> </span>contains<span style=""> </span>tannin,<span style=""> </span>saponin,<span style=""> </span>anthraquinone,<span style=""> </span>alkaloids<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>glycosides.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>total<span style=""> </span>phenolic<span style=""> </span>content<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>3.6g/100g,<span style=""> </span>while<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>reducing<span style=""> </span>power<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>free<span style=""> </span>radical<span style=""> </span>scavenging<span style=""> </span>ability<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>2.4OD<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>51.2%<span style=""> </span>respectively.<span style=""> </span>10mg/ml<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>inhibited<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>growth<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>following<span style=""> </span>bacteria:<span style=""> </span>Proteus<span style=""> </span>sp,<span style=""> </span>Pseudomonads<span style=""> </span>aeruginosa,<span style=""> </span>Shigella<span style=""> </span>dysentria<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Staphylococus;<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>fungi<span style=""> </span>(Saccharomyces<span style=""> </span>cerevisae<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Candida<span style=""> </span>albicans).<span style=""> </span>Furthermore,<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>inhibition<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>both<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>fungi<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>bacteria<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>found<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>be<span style=""> </span>dose-dependent.<span style=""> </span>(Ganiyu<span style=""> </span>Oboh,<span style=""> </span>2006).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">It<span style=""> </span>could<span style=""> </span>therefore<span style=""> </span>be<span style=""> </span>concluded<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>part<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>reasons<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>use<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>leaves<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>folk<span style=""> </span>medicine<span style=""> </span>against<span style=""> </span>gastrointestinal<span style=""> </span>disorders<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>haemorrhoids<span style=""> </span>could<span style=""> </span>be<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>result<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>its<span style=""> </span>antioxidant<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>antimicrobial<span style=""> </span>property<span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>hinged<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>array<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>pharmacological<span style=""> </span>active<span style=""> </span>phytochemicals<span style=""> </span>present<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>vegetable<span style=""> </span>leaves. (Ganiyu<span style=""> </span>Oboh 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>has<span style=""> </span>shown to<span style=""> </span>have<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>dose-dependent<span style=""> </span>effect<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>some<span style=""> </span>organs<span style=""> </span>tested<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>also<span style=""> </span>have<span style=""> </span>antifungal<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>antimicrobial<span style=""> </span>properties.<span style=""> </span>In<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>course<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>its<span style=""> </span>use<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>treatment<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>different<span style=""> </span>ailment,<span style=""> </span>this<span style=""> </span>work<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>aim<span style=""> </span>studying<span style=""> </span>if<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>extract (Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum)<span style=""> </span>will<span style=""> </span>have<span style=""> </span>any<span style=""> </span>deleterious<span style=""> </span>effect<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lungs.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 200%;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MATERIALS<span style=""> </span>AND<span style=""> </span>METHOD</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.1<span style=""> </span>MATERIALS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>materials<span style=""> </span>used<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>experiment <span style=""> </span>include:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">20 Albino rats of<span style=""> </span>both sexes <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Plastic<span style=""> </span>cages<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>iron<span style=""> </span>netting<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Saw dust (litter)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Animal<span style=""> </span>feed (growers<span style=""> </span>mash)<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>water<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Laboratory<span style=""> </span>coat<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>gloves<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dissecting<span style=""> </span>set<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>dissecting<span style=""> </span>board<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fresh<span style=""> </span>leaves<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hand<span style=""> </span>grinder<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Measuring<span style=""> </span>Cylinder<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>plastic<span style=""> </span>specimen<span style=""> </span>bottle<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Weighing<span style=""> </span>balance<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Water bath<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dessicator <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Syringes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sample<span style=""> </span>bottles<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10% formal<span style=""> </span>saline<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cotton<span style=""> </span>wool<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>anesthesia (Di ethyl ether)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Graded<span style=""> </span>alcohol (50%, 70%, 95%<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>absolute<span style=""> </span>alcohol)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Glass<span style=""> </span>slides<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>slide<span style=""> </span>rack<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hot plate<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Xylene<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paraffin<span style=""> </span>wax<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Embedding<span style=""> </span>mould<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>pot<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Deepex (DPX)<span style=""> </span>mountant<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Haematoxylin<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Eosin<span style=""> </span>stain<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cover<span style=""> </span>slip<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Microscope (light)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Slide <span style=""> </span>rack<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Orbit<span style=""> </span>shaker<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Diamond<span style=""> </span>pencil<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rotatory<span style=""> </span>microtome<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.2<span style=""> </span>METHODS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.2.1<span style=""> </span>Collection<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>identification<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>plant<span style=""> </span>materials</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Fresh <span style=""> </span>leaves <span style=""> </span>of <span style=""> </span>Ocimum <span style=""> </span>gratissimum <span style=""> </span>(scent <span style=""> </span>leaf) <span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>purchased<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>Mile<span style=""> </span>3<span style=""> </span>ultra<span style=""> </span>modern<span style=""> </span>market,<span style=""> </span>Diobu,<span style=""> </span>Port<span style=""> </span>Harcourt.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>leaves<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>identified<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>leaves<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>Dr. B. C Ndukwu,<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>Department<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Plant<span style=""> </span>Science<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Biotechnology,<span style=""> </span>Faculty<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Science, University<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Port<span style=""> </span>Harcourt, Choba. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.2.2<span style=""> </span>Preparation<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum (scent leaf) extract<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fresh<span style=""> </span>leaves<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimium<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>grinded<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>hand<span style=""> </span>grinder.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>squeezed<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>grinded<span style=""> </span>leaves.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>concentration<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>absolute.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.2.3<span style=""> </span>Experimental<span style=""> </span>animals<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">20<span style=""> </span>albino<span style=""> </span>rats<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>both<span style=""> </span>sexes<span style=""> </span>weighing<span style=""> </span>between<span style=""> </span>125-375g wt<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">purchased<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>animal<span style=""> </span>house, University<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Port<span style=""> </span>Harcourt,<span style=""> </span>Choba.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> They<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>kept<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>plastic<span style=""> </span>cages<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>iron<span style=""> </span>nettings<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>experimental<span style=""> </span>laboratory<span style=""> </span>(histology<span style=""> </span>Lab.)<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>College<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Health<span style=""> </span>Science,<span style=""> </span>University<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Port<span style=""> </span>Harcourt. They<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>allowed<span style=""> </span>to acclimatize<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>period<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>two<span style=""> </span>weeks<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>fed<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>growers<span style=""> </span>mash. They<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>also<span style=""> </span>given<span style=""> </span>tap<span style=""> </span>water<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>pleasure </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">using<span style=""> </span>water<span style=""> </span>bottles.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.2.4<span style=""> </span>Administration of extract</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The <span style=""> </span>rats<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>grouped<span style=""> </span>into<span style=""> </span>4<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>five<span style=""> </span>animals<span style=""> </span>per<span style=""> </span>group<span style=""> </span>according<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>the weight<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>rats. Group<span style=""> </span>4<span style=""> </span>serve<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>control<span style=""> </span>group;<span style=""> </span>group<span style=""> </span>1,<span style=""> </span>2<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>3<span style=""> </span>received<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>aqueous<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum gratissimum<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>doses<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>5,<span style=""> </span>3<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>2ml/kg<span style=""> </span>body<span style=""> </span>weight<span style=""> </span>respectively.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Administration<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>carried<span style=""> </span>out<span style=""> </span>orally<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>use<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>syringes<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>order<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>determine<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>actual<span style=""> </span>dose,<span style=""> </span>animals<span style=""> </span>received<span style=""> </span>their<span style=""> </span>doses<span style=""> </span>3 (three)<span style=""> </span>times<span style=""> </span>weekly<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>period of<span style=""> </span>three<span style=""> </span>weeks.<span style=""> </span>At<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>end<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>third<span style=""> </span>week,<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>animals<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>sacrificed<span style=""> </span>after<span style=""> </span>ether<span style=""> </span>anesthesia<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>incision<span style=""> </span>made<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>midline<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>ventral<span style=""> </span>surface<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>rats<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>excised.<span style=""> </span>In<span style=""> </span>each<span style=""> </span>sacrifice, the<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>dissected<span style=""> </span>out,<span style=""> </span>labeled<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>put<span style=""> </span>into<span style=""> </span>specimen<span style=""> </span>bottles<span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>contain<span style=""> </span>10%<span style=""> </span>formal<span style=""> </span>saline<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>further<span style=""> </span>tissue<span style=""> </span>processing. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.2.5<span style=""> </span>TISSUE<span style=""> </span>PROCESSING<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>organ ( lungs)<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>fixed<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>10%<span style=""> </span>formal<span style=""> </span>saline ,<span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>serve<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>fixative.<span style=""> </span>This<span style=""> </span>process<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>known<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span><b style="">fixation</b><span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>it<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>carried<span style=""> </span>out<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>order<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>prevent<span style=""> </span>putrefaction.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>method<span style=""> </span>used<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>tissue<span style=""> </span>processing<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>paraffin<span style=""> </span>wax<span style=""> </span>methods.<span style=""> </span>In<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>course<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>processing,<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>tissue<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>taken<span style=""> </span>through<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>following<span style=""> </span>processes;<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DEHYDRATION</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">: This<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>removal<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>water<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>tissue.<span style=""> </span>It<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>done<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>passing<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>tissue<span style=""> </span>through<span style=""> </span>an<span style=""> </span>ascending<span style=""> </span>grade<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>alcohol<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">50%<span style=""> </span>alcohol<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>2 hours<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">70%<span style=""> </span>alcohol<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>2<span style=""> </span>hours<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">95%<span style=""> </span>alcohols<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>12<span style=""> </span>hours (over night) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Absolute<span style=""> </span>alcohol for<span style=""> </span>2<span style=""> </span>hours<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">During<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>exchange<span style=""> </span>from one<span style=""> </span>grade<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>another,<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>tissues<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>agitated<span style=""> </span>rapidly.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CLEARING</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>purpose<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>clearing<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>remove<span style=""> </span>all<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>alcohol<span style=""> </span>content<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>tissue<span style=""> </span>sample.<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>This<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>usually<span style=""> </span>done<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>use<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>xylene.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>dehydrated<span style=""> </span>tissues are placed<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>xylene<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>2<span style=""> </span>hours.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">IMPREGNATION</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>process<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>also<span style=""> </span>known<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>infiltration.<span style=""> </span>It<span style=""> </span>helps<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>remove<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>clearing<span style=""> </span>agent<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>tissue.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>lung<span style=""> </span>tissues<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>transferred<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>xylene<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>molten<span style=""> </span>paraffin<span style=""> </span>wax (melting point 54</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Script MT Bold";">°</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C-60</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Script MT Bold";">°</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C)<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>2<span style=""> </span>hours.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">EMBEDDING</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:<span style=""> </span>This<span style=""> </span>process<span style=""> </span>involve<span style=""> </span>immersing<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>tissue<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>molten<span style=""> </span>paraffin<span style=""> </span>wax<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>solidify.<span style=""> </span>This<span style=""> </span>process<span style=""> </span>enables<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>tissues<span style=""> </span>to <span style=""> </span>be<span style=""> </span>sectioned<span style=""> </span>properly.<span style=""> </span>Metallic<span style=""> </span>embedding<span style=""> </span>moulds<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>used;<span style=""> </span>after<span style=""> </span>embedding<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>tissue<span style=""> </span>blocks<span style=""> </span>obtained<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>now<span style=""> </span>casted<span style=""> </span>onto<span style=""> </span>wooden<span style=""> </span>blocks.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">SECTIONING</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">: The<span style=""> </span>casted<span style=""> </span>tissue<span style=""> </span>blocks<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>then<span style=""> </span>trimmed<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>microtome<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>20-25 microns.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>tissue<span style=""> </span>blocks<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>trimmed<span style=""> </span>so<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>tissues<span style=""> </span>would<span style=""> </span>be<span style=""> </span>more visible.<span style=""> </span>They<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>later<span style=""> </span>placed<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>ice<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>ensure<span style=""> </span>hardening<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>wax.<span style=""> </span>After<span style=""> </span>trimming<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>microtome<span style=""> </span>knife<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>changed<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>another<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>set<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>place<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>microtome<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>tissue<span style=""> </span>sectioning.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>ribbons<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>then<span style=""> </span>floated<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>warm<span style=""> </span>water<span style=""> </span>bath<span style=""> </span>(37</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Script MT Bold";">°</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C)<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>then<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>best<span style=""> </span>ribbons<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>picked<span style=""> </span>out<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>forceps<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>placed<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>slides.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>slides<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>labeled<span style=""> </span>using<span style=""> </span>diamond<span style=""> </span>pencils <span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>transferred<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>slide<span style=""> </span>rack.<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>slides<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>later<span style=""> </span>put<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>an<span style=""> </span>embedding<span style=""> </span>oven<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>one<span style=""> </span>hour.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">STAINING</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:<span style=""> </span>After<span style=""> </span>sectioning,<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>staining<span style=""> </span>procedures<span style=""> </span>are<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>follows:<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>slides<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>warmed<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>hot<span style=""> </span>plate<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>treated<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>xylene<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>remove<span style=""> </span>wax<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>5-10mins.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">They<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>dehydrated<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>descending<span style=""> </span>grade<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>alcohol,<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>absolute<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>95%<span style=""> </span>alcohol<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>finally<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>70%<span style=""> </span>alcohol (in seconds).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Slides<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>rinsed<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>water.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">They<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>then<span style=""> </span>stained<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>haematoxylins (15-25mins)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">They<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>rinsed<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>water<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>remove<span style=""> </span>excess stain (1min).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>slides<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>dipped<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>acid<span style=""> </span>alcohol (in seconds).<span style=""> </span>This<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>done<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>order<span style=""> </span>remove<span style=""> </span>excess<span style=""> </span>stain<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>help<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>nucleus<span style=""> </span>absorb<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>stain.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>slides were rinsed<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>water (two<span style=""> </span>changes<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>water)<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>3-5 seconds.<span style=""> </span>This<span style=""> </span>process<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>known<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>BLUING<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>it<span style=""> </span>gives<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>stain<span style=""> </span>its<span style=""> </span>characteristic<span style=""> </span>background. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>slides<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>then<span style=""> </span>stained<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>Eosin (<span style=""> </span>3-5mins)<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>then<span style=""> </span>washed<span style=""> </span>in <span style=""> </span>water<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>remove<span style=""> </span>excess<span style=""> </span>stain.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">They<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>dehydrated<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>70%,<span style=""> </span>90%<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>then<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>absolute<span style=""> </span>alcohol.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>slide<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>cleared<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>two<span style=""> </span>changes<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>xylene;<span style=""> </span>mounted<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>DPX<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>then<span style=""> </span>covered<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>cover-slipped. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>slide<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>left<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>dry<span style=""> </span>before<span style=""> </span>viewing<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>microscope<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>photographing.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MICROSCOPY:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Here<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>slides<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>carefully<span style=""> </span>studied<span style=""> </span>under<span style=""> </span>low<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>high<span style=""> </span>magnification<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>light<span style=""> </span>microscope.<span style=""> </span>Comparisons<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>made<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>slides<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>control<span style=""> </span>group<span style=""> </span>for<span style=""> </span>detection<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>histological<span style=""> </span>changes.<span style=""> </span><b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">RESULTS<span style=""> </span>AND<span style=""> </span>OBSERVATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>following<span style=""> </span>observations<span style=""> </span>were<span style=""> </span>made<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>course<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>this<span style=""> </span>research<span style=""> </span>work<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>will<span style=""> </span>be<span style=""> </span>described<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>follow:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">During<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>weekly<span style=""> </span>oral<span style=""> </span>administration<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the aqueous<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>doses<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>5,<span style=""> </span>3<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>2ml/kg<span style=""> </span>body<span style=""> </span>weight,<span style=""> </span>there<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>no<span style=""> </span>mortality<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>all<span style=""> </span>group<span style=""> </span>tested.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.1<span style=""> </span>GENERAL<span style=""> </span>OBSERVATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 250%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 250%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">After<span style=""> </span>administration<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>aqueous<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>animals<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>each<span style=""> </span>group<span style=""> </span>look<span style=""> </span>dizzy<span style=""> </span>when<span style=""> </span>compared<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>control<span style=""> </span>group (group 4)<span style=""> </span>but<span style=""> </span>regain<span style=""> </span>consciousness<span style=""> </span>after<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>while;<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>they<span style=""> </span>usually<span style=""> </span>increase<span style=""> </span>their<span style=""> </span>intake<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>water<span style=""> </span>immediately<span style=""> </span>after<span style=""> </span>administration.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t32" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="32" oned="t" path="m,l21600,21600e" filled="f"><v:path arrowok="t" fillok="f" connecttype="none"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t32" style="position: absolute; margin-left: 130.5pt; margin-top: 14pt; 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<br /> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><span style=""> </span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span><o:p></o:p></span></b><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" spid="_x0000_s1038" type="#_x0000_t75" style="position: absolute; margin-left: 1.5pt; margin-top: -27.75pt; width: 415.35pt; height: 416.25pt; z-index: -10; visibility: visible;" filled="t"><v:fill src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CChristo%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image003.jpg" title="P1010069" recolor="t" rotate="t" type="tile"><v:imagedata src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CChristo%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.jpg" title="P1010069" gain="93623f"></v:imagedata><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></v:fill></v:shape><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DISCUSSION<span style=""> </span>AND<span style=""> </span>CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></b> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>DISCUSSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style=""> </span>study<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>toxic<span style=""> </span>or<span style=""> </span>adverse<span style=""> </span>effects<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>crude<span style=""> </span>drugs<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>plant<span style=""> </span>origin<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>essential<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>order<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>provide<span style=""> </span>guide<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>their<span style=""> </span>safe<span style=""> </span>usage<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>eventually<span style=""> </span>standardization ( Effraim<span style=""> </span>K. D et al 2001).<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>especially<span style=""> </span>pertinent,<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>traditional<span style=""> </span>medicine<span style=""> </span>practitioners<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>some<span style=""> </span>individuals<span style=""> </span>often<span style=""> </span>administer<span style=""> </span>such<span style=""> </span>preparations<span style=""> </span>without<span style=""> </span>regard<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>there<span style=""> </span>possible<span style=""> </span>adverse<span style=""> </span>effect.<span style=""> </span>From<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>result<span style=""> </span>obtained,<span style=""> </span>it<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>observed<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>animals<span style=""> </span>given<span style=""> </span>higher<span style=""> </span>doses<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>extract,<span style=""> </span>showed<span style=""> </span>greater<span style=""> </span>changes<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>their<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>architecture;<span style=""> </span>when<span style=""> </span>compared<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>those<span style=""> </span>given<span style=""> </span>lower<span style=""> </span>dose. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Also<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>result<span style=""> </span>obtained,<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>extract (Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum),<span style=""> </span>when<span style=""> </span>administered<span style=""> </span>showed<span style=""> </span>certain<span style=""> </span>changes<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>histology<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>rat<span style=""> </span>lung<span style=""> </span>such<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>congestion<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>blood<span style=""> </span>vessels,<span style=""> </span>interstitial<span style=""> </span>pneumonitis,<span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>result<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>inflammation<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lung<span style=""> </span>tissues.<span style=""> </span>Inflammation<span style=""> </span>result<span style=""> </span>when<span style=""> </span>there<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>an<span style=""> </span>injury<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>tissue<span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>is<span style=""> </span>either<span style=""> </span>caused<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>bacteria,<span style=""> </span>trauma,<span style=""> </span>chemicals,<span style=""> </span>heat<span style=""> </span>or<span style=""> </span>any<span style=""> </span>other<span style=""> </span>phenomenon<span style=""> </span>(Guyton<span style=""> </span>A.C,<span style=""> </span>2000).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">It<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>also<span style=""> </span>observed<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>results<span style=""> </span>that<span style=""> </span>sections<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>showed<span style=""> </span>widening<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>interstitium<span style=""> </span>with<span style=""> </span>areas<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>alveolar<span style=""> </span>damage.<span style=""> </span>This<span style=""> </span>widening<span style=""> </span>occurred<span style=""> </span>as<span style=""> </span>a<span style=""> </span>result<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>edema.<span style=""> </span>Edema<span style=""> </span>refers<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>presence<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>excess<span style=""> </span>fluid<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>body<span style=""> </span>tissues. The<span style=""> </span>edema<span style=""> </span>was<span style=""> </span>more<span style=""> </span>pronounced<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>group<span style=""> </span>2<span style=""> </span>animals.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>CONCLUSION<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This<span style=""> </span>study<span style=""> </span>has<span style=""> </span>shown<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>adverse<span style=""> </span>effect<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>aqueous<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>plant,<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lungs<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>albino<span style=""> </span>rat<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>histological<span style=""> </span>aspects<span style=""> </span>especially<span style=""> </span>when<span style=""> </span>administered<span style=""> </span>at<span style=""> </span>high<span style=""> </span>doses.<span style=""> </span>It<span style=""> </span>has<span style=""> </span>also<span style=""> </span>shown<span style=""> </span>widening<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>interstitium<span style=""> </span>due<span style=""> </span>to<span style=""> </span>edema,<span style=""> </span>congestion<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>blood<span style=""> </span>vessel,<span style=""> </span>alveolar<span style=""> </span>damage,<span style=""> </span>infiltration<span style=""> </span>by<span style=""> </span>inflammatory<span style=""> </span>cells<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>interstitial<span style=""> </span>pneumonitis<span style=""> </span>(inflammation<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>lung<span style=""> </span>tissues).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">All<span style=""> </span>these<span style=""> </span>depend<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>level<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>doses<span style=""> </span>given.<span style=""> </span>Therefore,<span style=""> </span>extreme<span style=""> </span>cautions<span style=""> </span>should<span style=""> </span>be<span style=""> </span>taken<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>administration<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>plant<span style=""> </span>extract. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Also<span style=""> </span>researchers<span style=""> </span>should<span style=""> </span>carry<span style=""> </span>out<span style=""> </span>further<span style=""> </span>experiments<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>plant<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>because<span style=""> </span>most<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>works<span style=""> </span>had<span style=""> </span>only<span style=""> </span>focused<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>antifungal, antimicrobial<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>phytochemicals<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>plant.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Cooper Black","serif";"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Achinewu<span style=""> </span>S. C.,<span style=""> </span>Aniena<span style=""> </span>M. I.,<span style=""> </span>et<span style=""> </span>al (1995):</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Studies<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>spices<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>food<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>value<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>South<span style=""> </span>Eastern<span style=""> </span>states<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Nigeria:<span style=""> </span>Journal<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>African<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>medicinal<span style=""> </span>plants;<span style=""> </span>vol.<span style=""> </span>18,<span style=""> </span>Pg.<span style=""> </span>135-139.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chummy<span style=""> </span>S. S.<span style=""> </span>(2006):</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Last’s<span style=""> </span>Anatomy,<span style=""> </span>Regional<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Applied,<span style=""> </span>11<sup>th</sup><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Edition:<span style=""> </span>Churchill<span style=""> </span>Living<span style=""> </span>Stone,<span style=""> </span>London.<span style=""> </span>Pg.<span style=""> </span>225</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Edeoga<span style=""> </span>H. O.,<span style=""> </span>Eriata<span style=""> </span>D.O.<span style=""> </span>(2001</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">):<span style=""> </span>Alkaloids,<span style=""> </span>Tannins<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>contents<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>some<span style=""> </span>Nigerian<span style=""> </span>medicinal<span style=""> </span>plants:<span style=""> </span>Journal<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>medicinal<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>aromatic<span style=""> </span>plants<span style=""> </span>science;<span style=""> </span>vol.<span style=""> </span>23,<span style=""> </span>Pg.<span style=""> </span>21-25.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Effraim<span style=""> </span>K. D,<span style=""> </span>Jacks<span style=""> </span>T. W<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Sodipo<span style=""> </span>O. A.<span style=""> </span>(2003):</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Histopathological<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>studies<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>toxicity<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>leave<span style=""> </span>extract<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>some<span style=""> </span>organs<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Rabbits:<span style=""> </span>African<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Journal<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>biomedical<span style=""> </span>research;<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>vol.<span style=""> </span>6.<span style=""> </span>Pg.<span style=""> </span>21-25.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Esvanszhuga<span style=""> </span>G.<span style=""> </span>(1980</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">):<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>chemical<span style=""> </span>constituent<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>gratissimum:<span style=""> </span>Doki<span style=""> </span>Tskha;<span style=""> </span>vol<span style=""> </span>244<span style=""> </span>(2)<span style=""> </span>Pg.<span style=""> </span>72-77.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Guyton<span style=""> </span>A.C.,<span style=""> </span>Hall<span style=""> </span>J.E<span style=""> </span>(2000</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">):<span style=""> </span>Texbook<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Medical<span style=""> </span>Physiology,<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Tenth<span style=""> </span>Edition:<span style=""> </span>Elsevier<span style=""> </span>Publishers<span style=""> </span>Philadelphia,<span style=""> </span>pg. 432-482.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ijaduola<span style=""> </span>G.,<span style=""> </span>Anyiwo<span style=""> </span>I.<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Thomas<span style=""> </span>C.<span style=""> </span>(1980):</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>blood<span style=""> </span>coagulation;<span style=""> </span>Journal<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>research<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>ethinomedian;<span style=""> </span>vol.<span style=""> </span>1,<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Pg.<span style=""> </span>19-21.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ijeh<span style=""> </span>I. I,<span style=""> </span>Njoku<span style=""> </span>O. U.,<span style=""> </span>Ekenza<span style=""> </span>E. C.<span style=""> </span>(2004):</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Medicinal<span style=""> </span>evaluation<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Xylopia<span style=""> </span>aethiopica<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum:<span style=""> </span>Journal<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>medicinal<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>aromatis<span style=""> </span>science;<span style=""> </span>vol.<span style=""> </span>26<span style=""> </span>(1)<span style=""> </span>Pg.<span style=""> </span>44-47.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keith<span style=""> </span>L. M.,<span style=""> </span>Authur<span style=""> </span>F. D.<span style=""> </span>(1999):</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Clinically<span style=""> </span>Oriented<span style=""> </span>Anatomy,<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Fourth<span style=""> </span>Edition:<span style=""> </span>Lippincott<span style=""> </span>Williams<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Wilkins<span style=""> </span>publishers,<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>London,<span style=""> </span>Pg.<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>100-111.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ndounga<span style=""> </span>M.<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Ouamba<span style=""> </span>J. M.;</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>(1997):<span style=""> </span>Antibacterial<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>antifungal<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>activities<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>essential<span style=""> </span>oils<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span>basilioum<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>Congo:<span style=""> </span>Fitoterepia;<span style=""> </span>vol.<span style=""> </span>68,<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Pg.<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>190-191.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Orafidiya<span style=""> </span>L.O.,<span style=""> </span>Agbani<span style=""> </span>E.O.,<span style=""> </span>et<span style=""> </span>al (2004):<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Studies<span style=""> </span>on<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>acute<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>sub-chronic<span style=""> </span>toxicity<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>essentiail<span style=""> </span>oil<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>L.<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>leaf:<span style=""> </span>International<span style=""> </span>Journal<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>phytotherapy<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>phytopharmacy.<span style=""> </span>Vol. <span style=""> </span>11 (1),<span style=""> </span>Pg. 71-76.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Orafidiya<span style=""> </span>L.O.,<span style=""> </span>Oyedele<span style=""> </span>A.O.,<span style=""> </span>Shittu<span style=""> </span>A.O.,<span style=""> </span>Elujoba<span style=""> </span>A.A.<span style=""> </span>(2001):</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>formulation<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>an<span style=""> </span>effective<span style=""> </span>topical<span style=""> </span>antibacterial<span style=""> </span>product<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>containing<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>ocimum<span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>leaf<span style=""> </span>essential<span style=""> </span>oil:<span style=""> </span>International<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Journal<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>pharmacology;<span style=""> </span>vol.<span style=""> </span>244,<span style=""> </span>Pg.<span style=""> </span>177-178.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pino<span style=""> </span>J. A.,<span style=""> </span>Rosada<span style=""> </span>A.,<span style=""> </span>Fuestes<span style=""> </span>V.;<span style=""> </span>(1996):</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Composition<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>essential<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>oils<span style=""> </span>from<span style=""> </span>the<span style=""> </span>leaves<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>flowers<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>Ocimum<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>gratissimum<span style=""> </span>L.<span style=""> </span>grown<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span>Cuba:<span style=""> </span>Journal<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span>essential<span style=""> </span>oil<span style=""> </span>of<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>research;<span style=""> </span>vol.<span style=""> </span>8,<span style=""> </span>Pg.<span style=""> </span>139-141.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sofowara<span style=""> </span>E. A.<span style=""> </span>(1984):</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Medicinal<span style=""> </span>plants<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>traditional<span style=""> </span>medicine<span style=""> </span>in<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Africa:<span style=""> </span>Spectrum<span style=""> </span>Books<span style=""> </span>Ltd.<span style=""> </span>Ibadan,<span style=""> </span>Nigeria.<span style=""> </span>Pg.<span style=""> </span>55-56.<o:p></o:p></span></p> chrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13563399813992336840noreply@blogger.com1